Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning, is transforming forensic science by extracting meaningful patterns from complex, degraded, and noisy evidence recovered from crime scenes. Traditional analytical and statistical techniques frequently struggle to process vast multi-dimensional datasets, resolve overlapping chemical signals, or isolate low-template DNA from multiple contributors. Advanced predictive modelling offers a computational framework to resolve these persistent challenges across chemical, biological, and digital sub-disciplines. Modern tailor-made models are designed to enhance the detection of minor DNA contributors, improve predictive accuracy, and automate routine laboratory analyses. This shift towards data science aims to provide rapid, reproducible, and legally robust evidence interpretations while establishing ethical and transparent standards for criminal investigations.

Background: Digital Forensics and AI

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